Latest Publications

Important ASA Reminder – If It Smells Fishy, It Probably is

Don’t be a victim – stay vigilant against phishing attempts.

Hackers use fraudulent practices to spoof people into giving up their data. The most common technique is e-mail phishing. Hackers send messages that appear legitimate or look like they’re from someone you trust so that you engage with the message or click on malicious attachments. Recently an e-mail was sent to ASA members that looked like it was from our International President, which wasn’t the case, it was a phishing e-mail.

If something seems fishy…it’s probably phishing. Here are some tips to keep in mind to avoid falling victim:

  • Double-check that the sender’s e-mail address matches who they claim to be.
  • Don’t click a link or download from someone you don’t know or weren’t expecting.
  • Don’t reply to a suspicious e-mail or message from an e-mail you don’t recognize.
  • Inform ASA of potential attempts at asainfo@appraisers.org.
Share

Presenter Spotlight: 2023 NBAA Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition

ASA is set to present at the NBAA|BACE, the world’s largest business aviation event where game-changing innovation takes center stage. NBAA|BACE is your ultimate opportunity to interact with thousands of dedicated and visionary individuals and explore technologies that are driving the excitement, safety and sustainability of aviation.

Here is a spotlight on ASA’s upcoming session:

Aircraft Valuation: Changing Values in a Changing Market
Tuesday, October 17, 2023, from 1:00-2:00 PM
Las Vegas Convention Center, N255

Moderator:

Panelists:

Description:

The aircraft valuation market is constantly evolving. Knowledge and understanding of emerging trends and their potential impact on the market is essential for aircraft owners, operators and investors to make informed decisions. Exploring the impact of these trends on aircraft valuation practices can help you stay ahead in the ever-changing aircraft valuation market. Whether you’re an aircraft owner, operator or investor, keeping up with aircraft valuation market trends is essential to optimize the value of your aircraft. Our expert panel of leading aircraft brokers and appraisers will discuss emerging trends and their impact on aircraft valuation and will show you how you can evaluate aircraft based on their condition, maintenance history and market trends. They’ll also explain how to optimize aircraft value through proper maintenance, upgrades to include the latest in avionics, engines and other modern technology, and market-positioning strategies.

ASA will also be hosting a special event before the NBAA-BACE for appraisers and lenders involved in the financing and leasing of business aircraft. The 2023 ASA Aircraft Asset Management Special Event will be held October 15, 2023, at the Wheelhouse at The LINQ in Las Vegas, NV and is sponsored by JSSI. To register or for complete event details, visit https://bit.ly/3sdVEw6 or call (800) 272-8258.

Share

Presenter Spotlight: 2023 ASA Aircraft Asset Management Special Event

Don’t miss your opportunity to engage with these industry leaders in this pre-NBAA event. Enjoy exclusive content and one-on-one networking giving you insights into key industry issues.

Meet The Presenters

Delray Dobbins leads Sales and Global Strategy for Pratt & Whitney Canada’s Eagle Service™ Plan (ESP™), an engine maintenance program for the corporate jet segment. Since joining the company in May 2018, Delray has worked closely with business jet customers, industry influencers, and other key stakeholders to continue to enhance P&WC’s ESP maintenance program offerings.

George Kleros is a Senior Vice President at Jet Support Services headquartered in Chicago, IL. Responsible for Strategic Event Management and Fleet Management. He has been actively involved in business and general aviation in various capacities for more than 38 years. He is an accredited ASA Senior Appraiser, holds an FAA Power Plant and Airframe rating which he received in 1987 and an Inspector Authorizing since 1989.

Greg Ryan is a Senior Sales Director for GE OnPoint services, CT7 ECMP and North American Turboprop sales. Prior to his current role, Greg had worked for Pratt & Whitney Canada for over 8 years as a Field Service Representative where he supported all PWC powerplant platforms operating in Central America and back up for OEM airframe facilities in FL.

Zach Ungerleider is a MSP Sales Manager for Honeywell, responsible for MSP Engine sales for the United States, Canada & APAC regions. He is a a certificated Airframe & Powerplant Mechanic and Instrument rated pilot. In 2001 Zach received a private pilot and instrument rating through the FAA, and 2014 a FAA Airframe and Powerplant rating.

Preston Brunswig is the director of ProAdvantage, headquartered in Wichita, KS. Preston and his team spot and source parts needed to keep aircrafts serviced and compliant, all while helping to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and optimize the resale value of client’s aircraft. Their ProAdvantage program allows clients to accurately budget for their maintenance costs and save with long-term price protection.

Guillaume Landrivon is the Vice President of Smart Services and Programs at Bombardier Aviation. He is responsible of the largest power-by-the-hour program in Business Aviation with more than 1,600 aircraft enrolled. His mandate is to continue to develop, sell and manage this nose-to-tail program available for Learjets, Challengers and Globals around the world. Prior to his current role, he spent 20 years at Dassault Aviation where he held various Executive positions in the field of Customer Relations, Field Services and Spare Parts.

Bob Fantozzi is a Senior Manager of Spares Sales and Customer Service at Dassault Falcon Jet. Bob has worked for Dassault Falcon Jet for over 37 years, gaining extensive experience in improving the spare parts market share and overall yearly sales through the building, training and managing of a direct sales force and alternate sales distribution channel, all while improving customer service.

Register today for the 2023 ASA Aircraft Asset Management Special Event.

Be sure to check out ASA’s panel discussion Aircraft Valuation: Changing Values in a Changing Market at the NBAA/BACE Conference!

Share

ASA Congratulates 2023 Summer Appraisal Camp Graduates

ASA completed its popular Summer Appraisal Camp this past August 1-24. The accelerated, intensive four-week virtual education program is designed to give participants the foundational skills needed to work toward becoming a professional appraiser of personal property. Completion of this rigorous program satisfies the educational requirements of ASA’s accreditation process.

The “Camp” program is comprised of the four ASA Personal Property Principles of Valuation courses: PP201 – Introduction to Personal Property Appraising, PP202 – Development of a Personal Property Appraisal: Research and Analysis, PP203 – Communication of a Personal Property Appraisal: Report Writing, and PP204 – Personal Property Valuation: The Legal and Commercial Environments. Students also have the option to register and attend classes individually.

Instruction was provided by five distinguished ASA course instructors who are also experienced, professional appraisers of personal property: Sandra J. Tropper, FASA, Jacob Fish, ASA, Frances Zeman, FASA, Analee McClellan, ASA, and Danielle Rahm, ASA.

11 students registered and completed the four-course “Camp” program, with an additional 15 students registering and completing individual classes.

The graduates of the 2023 Summer Appraisal Camp were:

  1. Carolyn Albert, Owner of Orpheus Music in McLean, VA. Connect with Carolyn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/carolyn-albert-1b774727b/.
  2. Jane Alexiadis, Personal Property Appraiser in Berkeley, CA. Connect with Jane at http://www.janealexiadis.com/.
  3. Bassim Al-Harthy, Founder and CEO of 9200.Co For Appraisal in Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA. Connect with Bassim at https://www.linkedin.com/in/bassim-al-harthy-539868a9/.
  4. Natalia Da Silva, Artist and Fine Art Consultant in Honolulu, HI. Connect with Natalia at https://www.instagram.com/narcissisticartist/.
  5. Shannon Foley, Owner of Foley Fine Art in New Orleans, LA. Connect with Shannon at https://www.linkedin.com/in/shannon-foley-8a79b127/.
  6. Louis North, Owner at Louis C North Auctions and Appraisals in Wilmington, NC. Connect with Louis at https://www.linkedin.com/in/louis-north-52b8322b.
  7. Damian Skinner, PhD, Art Historian, Writer and Curator in Ruatoria, NEW ZEALAND.
  8. Jennaca Taipalus, Art Consultant/Gallery Professional/Custom Framing Designer in Charlotte, NC. Connect with Jennaca at https://www.linkedin.com/in/jennacataipalus/.
  9. Christine Weir, Artist in Los Angeles, CA. Connect with Christine at https://www.linkedin.com/in/christine-weir-48a8a8142/ or https://www.instagram.com/christineweirart/.
  10. Kalim Winata, Asian Art Appraiser in Oakland, CA. Connect with Kalim at https://www.linkedin.com/in/kalimwinata/.
  11. Jacqueline Zorn, Owner at Zorn Registration and Collections Management in Naples, FL. Connect with Jacqueline at https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackie-zorn-3b26a41ab/ or https://www.instagram.com/jackie_zorn/?hl=en.

ASA’s Summer Appraisal Camp is held virtually annually during August. 2024 dates are expected to be announced shortly. Space will be limited–advanced reservations are encouraged. Check online for updates or contact ASA at asainfo@appraisers.org or (800) 272-8258 to secure your space.

Share

Spotlight: The ASA Educational Foundation 2023 Virtual Auction – September 1 to October 3, 2023

IT’S FINALLY HERE!

The ASA Educational Foundation’s 2023 Virtual Auction is now live!

  • When: ASAEF’s online silent auction will begin Friday, September 1, 2023, and run 30 days to Tuesday, October 3, 2023.
  • How:  Bidding takes place online at https://bit.ly/45re76Z.
  • Where: This popular tradition is held in conjunction with the 2023 ASA International Conference.
  • Why: ASA Educational Foundation’s annual auction raises funds to give course-taking grants to up-and-coming appraisers which benefits our future membership, supports development of appraisal textbooks, and much more.

HIGHLIGHTS OF AUCTION ITEMS (* indicates vendor gift certificates – see $$ amounts online)

Events: Network + Connect

  • One Virtual Hour with ASA CEO Johnnie White
  • ASA.Houston’s Energy Valuation Conference – In Person or Online
  • Dinner with ASA CEO Johnnie White*
  • ASA.Houston’s Energy Valuation Conference – Online Only
  • Tee for Two at Coronado Golf Club – San Diego

Eat + Drink + Sing

  • New Orleans Jazz – 7 CDs
  • Boston Live Lobster* – Dinner for Two
  • Portland Dungeness Crabs*
  • Dinner “on” a Friend of ASA’s Educational Foundation*
  • Gift Card*: Amazon $100
  • Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey – Colonel E.H. Taylor Small Batch
  • Oregon Wine – Willamette Valley – Ponzi Vineyard’s 2021 Pinot Noir
  • California Wine – Napa Valley*

Wearables + Gems + Silver

  • New Orleans Jewelry – Jose Balli*
  • New Orleans Jewelry – Mignon Faget*
  • Native American Jewelry, Pottery – Palms Trading Company*
  • United States Mint 2003 Silver Proof & Clad Proof Sets
  • United States Mint 2004 Silver Proof & Clad Proof Sets
  • Dutch Wooden Shoes
  • NY Saratoga Race Course “care package” – wine tumblers, poncho, satchel, maple syrup, shades

Learn – Textbooks & Valuation Software

  • The Art of Valuation, edited by Sarah von Helfenstein, 2022 Chair of BVRP
  • The Business Valuation Bench Book, by Jay E. Fishman & William J. Morrison
  • The Cannabis Industry Accounting & Appraisal Guide, by Stacey Udell, Ronald Seigneur, Brenda Clarke
  • Cost of Capital, by Shannon P. Pratt & Roger Grabowski
  • Financial Expert Guide for Family Law Judges and Attorneys, by R. Seigneur, R. Tatlock, K. Yeanopolos
  • Financial Valuation 5th Ed, Financial Valuation Workbook & Website, by James R. Hitchner
  • Paintings, Prints and Drawings of Hawaii, by David W. Forbes
  • Reasonable Compensation, by Ronald Seigneur, Kevin Yeanopolos
  • Software: Dragonfly purchase price allocation (PPA) – Credit for one PPA project
  • Software: Dragonfly purchase price allocation (PPA) – 5 Credits for 5 PPA projects
  • Standards of Value, by Jay E. Fishman, Shannon P. Pratt, William J. Morrison
  • To Give and Receive, edited by Sharon Smith Theobald
  • Understanding Business Valuation, by Gary R. Trugman
  • Valuing A Business, 6th Edition, by Shannon P. Pratt & ASA Educational Foundation
  • Valuing Fraction Interests in Real Estate 2.0, by Dennis A. Webb
  • Valuing Machinery and Equipment, 4th Edition, ASA POV text
  • What It’s Worth: Law Firm Value, by Ronald Seigneur

DONORS – A SPECIAL THANKS TO THIS YEAR’S DONORS:

ASA Headquarters, ASA Boston Chapter, $$ ASA Detroit Chapter, $$$ ASA Houston Energy Valuation Conference, ASA Houston Chapter, ASA Hudson Valley New York Chapter, ASA New Mexico Chapter, ASA NorCal Chapter, $$$$ ASA Philadelphia Chapter, ASA Portland Chapter, ASA San Diego Chapter, ASA New Orleans Chapter, Jay E. Fishman FASA, Andrew Pike ASA, AN Valuations, $$ Analee McClellan ASA, Borrowman Baker LLC, Curtis Kimball ASA, Dennis A. Webb ASA, $$$ Douglas Krieser FASA, $$$ G. Adrian Gonzalez Jr. ASA, Gary Trugman FASA, Garrett Schwartz ASA, $$ J. Mark Penny FASA, Joel Forman ASA, John Borrowman, $ John Cento ASA, John Henley ASA, Kenneth J. Pia Jr ASA, Kuali Foundation Hawaii, Lynn Hightower ASA, J. Mark Penny FASA, $$ Sandie Tropper FASA – In Memory of Edie Yeomans FASA, Nene Glenn Fianfala ASA, $ Peter Held ASA, Ronald L. Seigneur ASA, Roger J. Grabowski FASA, Susan Golashovsky FASA, Sarah von Helfenstein on behalf of BVRP, Sharon Smith Theobald ASA, and $ Vicki Lant ASA.

CASH DONATIONS

It’s Never Too Late to Share:  Cash donations are welcome anytime online at https://bit.ly/45Jr37V.

ASA Educational Foundation

ASA’s Educational Foundation (ASAEF) is a separate, nonprofit corporation established by ASA and chartered in 1967. The mission of the ASAEF is to carry on educational, research and charitable activities related to the advancement of the appraisal profession. The ASA Educational Foundation is a 501(c)(3) entity enabling tax-deductible CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS for individuals. A tax letter for the FMV of your contribution will be provided.  Significant contributions include needs-based grants for appraisal courses, and to develop appraisal texts including ASA POV courses (BV, 6th Ed) and (PP, 1st Ed), and Lawyers Book (1st Ed).

Share

Spotlight: The NAIFA Education & Research Trust

For nearly five decades the NAIFA Education & Research Trust has sponsored educational research and charitable activities related to the advancement of the real property appraisal profession.

Founded in 1977, the trust is managed by a board of directors who sit as trustees but have no other legal connection with the trust, which manages its affairs independently of ASA post-merger with NAIFA.

Current members of the board of directors include: Susanne Barkalow, ASA, IFA, Louis Bonato, ASA, IFA, David Doering, ASA, IFA, Mark Evans, ASA, IFAS, Nena Henderson, ASA, IFA, Michael Orman, FASA, IFAC, IFAS, and Monica Trotter, ASA, IFA.

The Trust is supported by contributions and revenue from auctions at ASAʼs annual international conference.

Funds are used to…

  • conduct research
  • promote standards
  • offer scholarships to students
  • provide grants to institutions
  • foster authorship
  • publish materials
  • maintain a library

…all for the advancement of the real property appraisal profession.

Looking for educational support or to donate? To apply for a NAIFA Education & Research Trust grant or make a donation visit online or call (800) 272-8258.

Considering creating a legacy for appraisal education? The NAIFA Education & Research Trust is a worthy addition to your will or beneficiary designation and a great way to invest in the future of appraisal education and make a lasting difference for the valuers of tomorrow. For more information visit www.appraisers.org/NAIFAERT.

Share

Message from the CEO

This month we look at recent strategic partnership/membership development efforts, and spotlight education accomplishments and upcoming offerings.

Strategic Partnerships/Membership Development

Myself, Patrick Vann, ASA Membership and Chapter Development Manager, and Mike Pratt, ASA Real Property Discipline Committee Chair, attended the 2023 IAAO Annual Conference in Salt Lake City, UT. Our primary focus at the event was to manage the ASA booth, meet with attending leaders and assessors, and share the ASA value proposition and news about the ASA-IAAO strategic partnership that entitles IAAO members a pathway to membership via the Society’s Professional Education Equivalency Certification Program (PEECP) and discounts on ASA Real Property (RP) and Appraisal Review and Management (ARM) educational offerings.

While at the event we also had the opportunity to connect with the team from the Korean Association of Property Appraisers (KAPA), another strategic partner of whom we recently had an in-country visit and hosting of ASA’s Business Valuation (BV) Principles of Valuation (POV) courses for their members.

Richard Conti, ASA’s new International Marketing Committee Chair, co-editor of the ARM E-Journal, and ARM Discipline Committee Member At-Large, as well as Terry Taylor, ASA’s new chair of the RP Discipline Membership Subcommittee were also in attendance. It was great having Mike, Richard and Terry at the event due to their shared backgrounds in appraisal and assessing and joint membership in ASA and IAAO.

Several men wearing badges

Description automatically generated

Education Spotlight

We successfully wrapped our highly attended round of Personal Property POV courses as part of our annual Personal Property Appraisal Virtual Summer Camp.

Next up our Education Team has been busy preparing and scheduling a comprehensive line-up of upcoming classes and conferences. Spotlights included news on upcoming Appraisal Review & Management and litigation support courses and events, ASA aircraft valuation courses and events, new Machinery and Technical Specialties POV courses, new real property Efficient Appraisal Practice webinar series, and new Litigation in Valuation Conference.

The team is also exploring international members’ and partnering valuation professional organizations’ (VPOs) professional development needs for International Valuation Standards (IVS) focused Appraisal Review and Management training. Click here to participate in our survey.

A group of people with speech bubbles

Description automatically generated

Last, we’ll be heading to New Orleans October 1-3 for our 2023 ASA International Conference. There is still time to register and attend onsite or virtually. Local attendees planning to attend the event’s opening ceremonies, annual awards luncheon and sessions are encouraged to register in advance to avoid the lines. Stay tuned for a full event recap in my updates next month.

Looking for more Message from the CEO updates by Johnnie White? Visit ASA’s online newsroom here.

Share

One-Of-A-Kind Ships Can Be Valued

PT-305 Photo Credit: The National WWII Museum New Orleans

Did you know that ships from prior decades may still be afloat or on display somewhere in the world? While ship lovers may believe that every historic vessel is priceless, the real-world value is less sentimental about their value.

Expertise on this thought was recently shared by ASA member Norm Laskay, an accredited senior appraiser specializing in marine surveys, in an article published in PowerShips Summer 2023 by the Steamship Historical Society of America (SSHSA).

Laskay explained that such vessels are usually under the care of a museum or nonprofit organization that often has some historic or regional ties to displaying – or restoring and displaying – such a piece of history and that historic ships may need to be valued for several reasons like for donations, taxation or loans.

He also discussed important points about the need for USPAP-Compliant Appraisals and the various approaches used to produce credible and supportable appraisals.

Last, the article closed with thoughts on the privilege of being able to walk the decks and nether regions of such vessels and how assignments were interesting and challenging.

Images of vessels included in the article were a PT-305, Presidential Yacht Honey Fitz, The William P. Synder (St. Marys Challenger), Ann Arbor Railroad Carferry Arthur K. Atkinson, and The Queen Mary Hotel.

For more information about this topic contact Norm Laskay at nlaskay@DLSmarine.com.

To purchase an article reprint, visit POWERSHIPS MAGAZINE online here.

What to learn more? Register today for ASA’s ME208 Marine Survey class, to be held September 28-29, 2023, at the Sheraton New Orleans Hotel and virtually, with course instruction by the author, Norm Laskay.

Disclaimer: The views, opinions or examples included in linked article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect an official policy or position of ASA or its members.

Share

Qualifications Matter

Spotlighting Donald W. Osborne, ASA

A couple of men standing in a room

Description automatically generated

Editor’s Note: When it comes to valuing an asset, there’s no room for error. Qualifications matter. Nobody understands this more than ASA, and member Donald W. Osborne, ASA. Learn more about Osborne below.

Donald is a classic car historian, consultant, accredited appraiser, author, curator and the CEO of the Audrain Group in Newport, Rhode Island, where he guides the Audrain Automobile Museum, Audrain Motorsport and the Audrain Newport Concours & Motor Week.

The New York City native is known internationally for his recurring segment “Assess & Caress with Donald Osborne” on CNBC Primetime’s show “Jay Leno’s Garage”, in which, for 7 seasons he has shared his considerable knowledge of collector car attributes and values.

The ASA Difference
Osborne and Leno discussed their thoughts on the importance of hiring ASA-accredited appraisers in a brief video filmed while onsite at Leno’s infamous garage. Each spoke to why education, accreditation, experience, ethics and membership in a professional organization like ASA are critical factors when seeking to hire professionals who determine value. View the “Qualifications Matter” video here.

Donald’s first book, ‘Stile Transatlantico / Transatlantic Style– A Romance of Fins and Chrome’ was published in 2016 and his writing has been published in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Art & Antiques, Octane, Magneto, Sports Car Market, Road & Track, and other publications. He is also the publisher of Linkage magazine, a glossy quarterly covering the world of life with cars.

He is a 1977 graduate of the Hartt College of Music, West Hartford, CT with a B.A. in Opera. Donald almost literally ‘grew up’ at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, having made three ‘debuts’ with the company. The first, at 13, as a ‘supernumerary’, next at 19 as a baritone in the Extra Chorus in which he sang for 9 seasons, then his solo debut at 29 in the historic production of ‘Porgy and Bess’ in February 1985.

Having been hired for the prestigious R.H. Macy & Co. Executive Training Program in 1978, he worked for the retailer for a year before leaving to pursue his singing career. He returned to the world of retail in 1987, rising through various executive positions including a stint in the Macy’s private label division in which he was responsible for the men’s casual pants, jeans and shorts businesses.

He then created a department for Marketing Communications for all the lines of Macy’s private label products, followed by a varied career in marketing communications which included the creation of his own company ORTV, then eventually to partnership with a cutting-edge digital agency.

In 2004, Donald joined the American Society of Appraisers with accreditation in Personal Property and founded Donald W. Osborne, LLC / Automotive Valuation Services, a classic car appraisal and consulting firm now based in Palm Springs, CA.

He began to consult with the Audrain Collections in 2016 and was a key partner in the creation of the inaugural Audrain Newport Concours & Motor Week in 2019. He joined the Audrain Group as its first CEO in December 2019 and relocated to Newport, Rhode Island in January 2020.

Donald continues to be active in his appraisal business along with his associate Scott King AM, with projects across the United States, the UK and Italy. Connect with Donald online, by e-mail at donaldo@autovalserv.com or by phone at 760-322-7832.

Looking to hire an ASA-accredited appraiser? Use ASA’s complimentary online search tool www.FindanAppraiser.org or call (800) 272-8258.

Looking to become an ASA-accredited appraiser? Visit ASA online or call (800) 272-8258.

Have a similar VIP testimonial? Let us know at asainfo@appraisers.org.

Share

ASA Elects First ARM Discipline Governor to its Board of Governors

Jack Young, ASA, ARM, has been elected as the first member for new ARM Discipline Governor Representative position.

ASA has recently changed its Governance Structure to add new Appraisal Review & Management Discipline Governor Representative position on the ASA Board of Governors with Jack Young as the first elected person for this new position. This new position signifies positive growth for the Appraisal Review and Management discipline, giving new opportunities to grow and expand ASA’s ARM membership.

Young has dual Accredited Senior Appraiser designations with ASA in Machinery and Equipment (MTS) and in Appraisal Review and Management (ARM). Based in California’s Sacramento Valley, he has been a machinery and equipment appraiser for over twenty years, providing equipment appraisals, appraisal review, and expert witness services for litigation, family law, family law, ad valorem tax, estate & insurance disputes, financial reporting, business combinations / dissolutions, corporate conversions, and due diligence. Young is approved to do appraisal work for United States Treasury Department and Department of Interior. He has appraised a wide variety of equipment types from food, wine and other industrial processing plants to commercial trucking, agricultural, and construction equipment.

Recognized in 2021-2022 as ASA Appraiser of the Year, Young has served the ASA internationally as Chair of the Appraisal Review & Management (ARM) subcommittee, on the Board of Examiners, and as a member of the Ethics Board of Inquiry. Having developed and taught many ASA courses, including the Principles of Valuation courses for the Appraisal Review and Management designation, AR201, AR202, and AR204, he is one of the main ASA course developers. He is an active member of the Northern California Chapter where he served as Chapter President and ARM Director and is currently editor of the ASA’s Appraisal Review E-journal.

Share